Trade Beads: An Exchange of History and Culture
Trade beads are believed to have been introduced to Africa from Portugal around the 4th century, marking the beginning of the African-European trade era. However, evidence suggests indigenous glass production in West Africa predates extensive contact with other glassmaking regions, notably in the ‘Ife Empire’ of Southwestern Nigeria. Excavations at Igbo Olokun, a site in northern Ife, have uncovered glass beads, crucibles, and debris dating from the 11th to 15th centuries. Colorants such as manganese, iron, cobalt, and copper created various shades, including dichroic blue and green, with waste fragments confirming local production.
